The Influenza Pandemic of 1918

Jane S. Taylor, Red Cross nurse, early 1900's [she is the mother of Perry Taylor mentioned below.  Year and location of photo unknown, but it would be ironic if she was nursing in Portland where her son died of the flu].

Towards the end of World War I, as soldiers were returning home, they unsuspectingly carried with them and spread a deadly form of the influenza virus.  This flu hit in two waves--in the fall of 1918 and spring of 1919.  There are some fascinating books that have been written about tracking the history of this strain of the flu that read like a detective novel.  Even today, researchers are still unclear about what causes particular strains to turn deadly.  

American casualties of the war were about 50,000 lives, and deaths in America from the flu pandemic were estimated to be 500,00 to 700,000.  In Oregon 48,146 cases of the flu were reported, and 3,675 of those resulted in death.  Among the dead was my great grandfather, Perry Taylor.  He was a mechanical engineer that set up and serviced equipment in logging camps around the Northwest.  It is assumed that he contracted the virus through his work.  His death certificate indicates that he was only ill for two days before dying in October of 1918 in Portland, Oregon, a week after his 38th birthday.  His daughter, my grandmother, was six years old.  My great grandmother never remarried and raised my grandmother and her two siblings alone.  Other records from around that time show Perry’s family at his wife’s parents‘ place in Coos County, but it is not know if they survived the flu epidemic because they were separated from Perry, or if they were with him in Portland when he died and left after.  

Perry Taylor's wife and children, ca. 1919

It was a frightening time.  In order to avoid exposure to the virus, social gatherings, church services and other events were canceled.  School children were kept home.  People were afraid of getting too close to their neighbors and friends.  Astoria and nearby Fort Stevens experienced over 2,000 cases of flu, with 72 deaths.  (This is a link to the story at the Oregon Historical Society website).  Some areas were hit harder than others.    

In Lincoln County, the Spruce Division soldiers were still at work and living in camps.  Leonard Groth, in his oral history about his time in the Spruce Division here, describes what his Commanding Officer recommended to keep the flu at bay.

“One of my buddies was sent down here, and he worked the whole time in that hospital [located near the Newport High School] during the flu epidemic...of 1918.  He never got the flu, and there was very few of us that ever did get it.  Our Commanding Officer told us, he says, ‘Now,’ he says, ‘if you men are going to be in a room, in a building, or anything of that nature,’ he says, ‘and if any of you smoke or chew,’ he says, ‘don’t hesitate.  Go right ahead, and do it,’ he says.  ‘It’s a pretty good way of keeping the flu away.’  I know my dad, when I was a youngster, if one of us kids got a toothache, he’d just take out his plug of tobacco, and cut off a little chunk, put it in our tooth, and our toothache would leave.  So I guess our Commanding Officer must have known what he was talking about.”

I don’t have the numbers of deaths from the flu epidemic for Lincoln County.  Paul Keady commented in his oral history, “Then off to the east of these two main companies were a couple of hospital tents, and convalescing tents, and isolation tents, where when the flu went through, a few men were moved over there, and a few men died here in Waldport--not very many.”

Beaver Creek dairy farmer, Cliff Phelps, described in his oral history what it was like for the farmers of the area when the flu hit.  “And what year was it?  Wasn’t that when World War I was on?  Yeah, I was just a young fellow.  And this whole community in here got the flu.  And I tell you, it was serious!...It got so you couldn’t hardly get to the barn and back and you’re calling for a neighbor to come and help you, and he was in the same fix.  It just seemed like the whole neighborhood had it at the same time.”

This link to an article from the Seattle Post Intelligencer newspaper describes the devastating effects the ‘Spanish Flu’ had on one family, the McCarthy’s, during a move from Seattle to Minneapolis, MN.  

The deadly version of the virus eventually played itself out and returned to less virulent varieties, but it left some deep scars in its wake.

[Oral histories from the Lincoln County Historical Society Collections].

Posted by jackie.

Science And Policy

An interesting letter entitled 'Climate Change and the Integrity of Science' has been signed and published by 255 members of the US National Academy of Sciences.  The letter clearly explains how science is made and how its conclusions may be incorporated into policy formulation.  Give the letter a read.  Recent interest in climate change and its impacts on ecosystems and economies has sparked policy and political controversy that affects all of us.  Climate change is linked with human energy consumption and the increased generation of heat-trapping gases.  We are responsible for our energy use.  Learning about how to measure personal consumption and to make informed decisions on energy use is a necessary condition for being a responsible citizen.  Include all uses in your calculations: home, food, clothes, transportation, entertainment, education, and work.  Without being quick to compare or judge your energy consumption with that of others, find out if you are content to continue with current patterns.  Are there ways that you can change energy behavior to support your long-term view of wildness.

We need wildness to encourage imagination and to gain perspective.  Wildness allows us to step back, take a deep breath, and run the clock out on ideas that may not support our health.  Wildness is supported by our efforts to be responsible for energy use and the choices we make for its production.  Criticizing and blaming others will not help.  If we all take responsibility, then we will all be in the same boat, the good ship survival.

Posted by michael

Walk Around The Garden

We live on top of a knoll surrounded by Beaver Creek marsh.  The top of the knoll is 65 feet above the marsh surface.  Surrounding the knoll are marsh (wetlands without trees) and swamp (wetlands with trees).  Beyond the swamp is upland forest that rises into hills.  When I first moved onto the knoll in 1986, it was covered primarily with salmonberry, thimbleberry, huckleberry, and salal bushes, with some alder, spruce, fir, wax myrtle, and crabapple trees.  I cleared areas for a homesite, septic field, and vegetable garden.  Clearing was selective and began to carve out garden areas while leaving native vegetation that would support wildlife.  This and careful sculpting and planting of the earth, with animal needs in mind, are called naturescaping.

When Jackie moved onto the knoll in 1990, we began planting additional shrubs and herbs that would supply food and shelter for animals and medicine and flowers for us.  We planted annual vegetables and apple trees in a fenced garden area on a lower part of the knoll.  Later as rabbits and raccoons overcame our efforts in the lower garden, we switched to red raspberry, blueberry, and gooseberry bushes, which the birds and chipmunks sometimes allow us to harvest fruit from.  We can get apples in the fall if we beat the black bear to them.  Slowly we created many garden spaces with varied plantings, sunlight exposure, cover for animals, and flowering sequences through the seasons.  We became aware of plants that naturally colonized our beds and watched them move around the knoll as the years passed.

Twenty years later, plantings are established and we have favored perennials, as they require the least maintenance and are the most deer, chipmunk, and rabbit-proof.  In the spring, we witness an amazing increase in the variety and numbers of birds, as they stake out and use their nesting and feeding territories.  Rabbits hop around the various trails.  The other day one reminded me of "Alice In Wonderland" and I was temporarily allowed a look down the hole of time.   The variety of daily, monthly, and seasonal patterns in light, color, plants, fungi, and animals is astounding.  Each day walking around these gardens, I am immersed in the limitless expanse of beauty that is wildness.  Here is a painting in living color with pigments that are alive and moving.  This time of year is mostly green with white and yellow flowers.  As the seasons pass, more colorful flowers appear with blue, purple, red, yellow, and orange appearing, followed by bright fall foliage, berries, and fruit.

A hillside filled with medicine herbs and wildlife food.

A terraced garden with gate.

An overlook on the marsh, with Beaver Creek Road running through it.

A field of false lily-of-the-valley.

An overlook on the marsh, with plum tree, salmonberry, and alder.

A terraced medicine herb garden.

A marsh overlook with wild rose, honeysuckle, and elderberry.

Garden area in lower part of the knoll.

Flower beds, apple tree, salmonberry, and polish purple willow in lower garden.

Walled garden on hillside.

Posted by michael

Froggy Went A Courting

A few nights ago was the full moon. The Pacific chorus frogs were in full swing in Beaver Creek marsh. This time of year it sounds like "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", with the marsh ready to take off into space. I can see the whole basin lifting up and off over the ocean.

Pacific chorus frogs come in various sizes and colors ranging from bright green to dark brown.  Amazing that they have so many appearances.  They must be great shape shifters, especially with a voice like this.

Photo from here.

Posted by michael

The ‘Sprucers’ in Lincoln County, 1918 - Part 4

Photo of Spruce Camp near Newport, OR, from this Flickr site of Bob Swanson. 

Life in a Spruce Camp

The Spruce soldiers were housed in camps along the routes they were constructing, and near logging sites in Oregon and Washington.  In some areas they were able to utilize existing private logging camps.  In Lincoln County, Oregon, however, the camps were made of tents.  (See above link for photos of the Spruce Division in Lincoln County, especially three photos:  interior of a mess tent at the Camp 7-H at Moolack Creek north of Newport, the “Company Street” of Camp 2-F near Waldport, and a YMCA singing and band performance in Newport).  

Every camp had to conform to Army standards and was required to have sleeping, eating, recreating, bathing and latrine facilities.  Army inspectors ensured the camps were kept clean and up to code.   The tents were built over a wooden floor, and had a half wall or railing over which the tent canvas fit.  There was a hole in the roof to allow the stovepipe to go through.  Each could accommodate eight men.  

The Spruce Division camp at Waldport was located on the Keady homestead, and about 300 soldiers were stationed here.  In an oral history interview with Paul Keady in 1975, the interviewer asks what the townspeople thought of having the soldiers in their midst.

Paul Keady:  “Well, it’s very simple.  Kids of my age [at that time] hang around soldiers and camps.  Their tents, basically, were arranged in a long line, two long lines, with what between the two was what they called, “The Company Street.”  The flagpole was at the northeast end of the Company Street.  The main officers quarters were at the north end of the Company Street, and the cookhouse was across the Company Street from the officers’ headquarters.  When the bell would ring, out of every camp would come these active young soldiers, and they would race the length of the Company Street.  When they first moved in there, there was small brush and vegetation out on that Company Street.  By the time they left, the vegetation and the small brush had all been worn away by running soldiers, and the Company Street was open blow sand and mud.  In the wet weather it would be muddy.  Then off to the east of these two main companies was a couple of hospital tents, and convalescing tents and isolation tents...The sanitary facilities were well away from the main camp, and were one-by-twelve inch fir planks built into a couple of large outdoor privies.”

“There was a blacksmith shop, where I spent quite a lot of my time, watching these very skilled civilian blacksmiths work.  The blacksmiths always being old men with gray beards, and the only soldiers that were in there were the blacksmiths’ assistants.  The skill of these old smiths impressed my deeply.  They could take metal and make various tools out of it, right there with just a forge and their anvil, and their clamps and their metal cutters.  I watched this many times.”

Although the Sprucers spent most of their days hard at work, there was time allowed for recreation.  Sports of various kinds were popular, and the YMCA and local communities would provide other entertainments, such as music, vaudeville shows, and theatricals.  Paul Keady describes one spontaneous event:

“At one period, some of these young fellows from the Middle West, who were good horsemen, put on what you might call an impromptu, volunteer, spontaneous rodeo [he pronounced it “row-DAY-oh”].  All this rodeo consisted of was taking these big draft horses out and riding same.  They saddled the wilder ones.  These former cowpokes rode these horses.  We saw a beautiful exhibition of horsemanship.  These horses mostly had never been ridden--they’d been worked, but not ridden.  And they really bucked and put on a show.  And the townspeople heard about it, and collected all around to watch these soldiers perform.  It was probably better than any professional bucking contest I’ve ever watched.”

I:  “Of course, the boys would gravitate toward the soldiers.  Were they received in the town as people to be talked to on the street and so on, or were they sort of separated from the greater community?”

LG:  “Oh, in the patriotism of that time, the soldiers were very much accepted, and of course, a stranger, a traveling man, always appeals to the young women.  The young women thought that the soldiers were all demi-gods from Mars or something.  They were clear from the East Coast, Pennsylvania, New York, mostly.  Some married local women, and took them away with them.  Some, a few soldiers remained here in this area, but mostly they went on their way.  But the response of the people toward the military there at that time was affirmative, and there were few, if any, negative happenings there at that time.  Of course, you understand that the young boys of the area hung around the military camps, more than anyone else.  And being as there were forty horses there at that time, nearly all big draft animals.  Why here would be the boys around the company barns helping to hay--begging for the privilege of helping to grain and hay these horses.”

When the war ended, the excitement was over abruptly, and the camps disappeared as quickly as they had sprung up.  Today there is very little trace that this episode in history ever occurred.  

Posted by jackie.

The ‘Sprucers’ in Lincoln County, 1918 - Part 3

How the logging was done

Once the Spruce Division soldiers were established in camps around Lincoln County, and had completed the railroad, then the work of getting the spruce logs out began.The trees in the area known as the Blodget Tract (between Waldport and Yachats) was thick with huge spruce.  

Photo shows use of jack, axe, sledge hammer & wedges, and fiber splitting iron, from Pacific County (WA) Historical Society website (also at this site, more photos and description of Spruce Div. in Washington).

Before the railroad was completed, it was necessary to rive, or split, the logs into cants, or sections (all done with hand tools, such as jacks, wedges, and fiber cutting irons).  The cants were then taken out with teams of draft horses.  This method wasted a lot of wood when the pieces were squared up and cut into lumber.  Once the railroad was up and running, whole logs could be transported by rail and could be cut more efficiently.  Since the Toledo Mill was still under construction for the duration of the war, the spruce cants were shipped from Yaquina Bay to Vancouver, WA, on the Columbia River to the Cut-Up Plant there.  To get an idea of the size of the logs they were handling, I quote from Leonard Groth again.

Interviewer:  (Looking at photos in a book) “It just says they seldom weighed less than two to three tons.  Each one. So they look to be about an eighth of a log, or a quarter of a log.”

LG:  “Yeah, I imagine.  Something like that.”

I:  “Of course, these are just being split out in the woods.”

Photo of loggers riving spruce log into cants with hand tools.  From Pacific County Historical Society (see link above).

I:  “You mentioned that in the woods you used to split the logs into cants with jacks...What sort of jacks were they, and how was it carried out?”

LG:  “Well, they were a jack that was--oh, the stem of them was about three feet high, and then they’d have a handle that fit right into them, and you just crank that up like a dog.  The jack would have dogs, or teeth here, you know.  And you just bring her down and catch it, bring her down and catch it, and that’s the way they split some of them.”

Obtaining manpower was no small task.  Thousands of men had enlisted or been drafted into the military to fight in Europe after the US entered WWI in 1917.  Initially Col. Disque also had to compete with the Corps of Engineers for experienced woodsmen, but was later given priority to recruit and reassign volunteers into the Spruce Production Division.  The Division tried to recruit men from around the U.S. with logging and lumbering expertise.  Even so, a specialized set of skills was required to handle the immense Sitka spruce of the Pacific Northwest than in logging other types of trees.

Leonard Groth stated, “...I would guess that there wasn’t over twenty-five or thirty from the West.  Then...we had several men from Colorado.  And then it just went on back, and from the East coast--my land!  They just poured in here, and none of them knew how to swing an axe, or a slash hook, or anything.”

As one local logger (oral history of Frank Gatens) put it, “They had them apes from down south, you know, working there.  But couldn’t do nothin’.  Couldn’t chop, or couldn’t do nothin’.  Couldn’t use an axe, nor a goddamned thing, sawing or nothin’, you know.  They had never done it.  And you take a fellow get up around twenty-five years old, never worked in the woods--he never will be no good in the woods.”

LG:  “Well, I was very fortunate in that I had been born out here in the West, at Vancouver, Washington, and I lived on a farm where my dad...taught me how to handle a cross-cut saw, and how to handle an axe, and a slash hook, and so forth, and drive horses.  So when I got down here, I got a pretty good job [felling pilings for bridges and trestles]...I never really had to use a shovel, thank goodness!”

“There [at Camp “H”, near Starfish Cove] I fell heir to the job of falling pilings, which I thoroughly enjoyed, because I was one of the better fallers.  Most of them were from the East.  I don’t think any of them had ever seen a tree back there, or any of the implements you use to cut with.  And, anyway, we had to use springboards.  Well, my dad--I don’t know if it was a short-coming on his part, or whether it was orneriness on my part, but I didn’t know how to cut a springboard hole, and put the springboard in, and...after I got that far, I didn’t know how to hitch that thing around the tree in order to saw, you know, on a big tree.  But I finally got so I could do it.  A time or two I slid down the side of the tree with the springboard!” 

Photo showing use of springboards & crosscut saw from here.

LG:  “Well, they used donkey engines for the big stuff.  The spruce was brought out with donkey engines, which was fired with wood to get up their steam, and they had their whistle punks, and their grease monkeys, and all that, just the same as they always have had in that kind of logging.”

I:  “Were there choker setters who worked for a team driver...?”

LG:  “Yeah, same way.”

I:  “OK, how is the felling and bucking of the timber carried out?  What tools did you use, and what procedures did you go through?  What did you have to do to get the trees down?”

LG:  “Well, they used a cross-cut saw with springboards.  They usually would springboard up--occasionally on some trees, they would go up two springboards high, which would be approximately ten feet.  In that neighborhood.”

I:  “And that was to get above the butt swell on the tree?”

LG:  “That’s right.”

I:  “And the cross-cut saws were about eight feet long?”

LG:  “Yeah, about eight feet long.

Photo of steam donkey from author's family photos (man in front is Luther Pace).

LG:  “There was usually, what they called the “three on a team.”  There was your swamper, who cleaned it out around the tree, and then your head faller, and your second faller.  And that was usually the way that we worked.”

I:  “How did you work between the head faller and the second faller?”  

LG:  “The head faller, the only difference was, the head faller was responsible...and got a dollar a day more money...The swamper would go ahead of the fallers, and get rid of the underbrush around the trees.”

I:  “Did you have buckers, who came in after?”

LG:  “Yeah.  Regular buckers.  Come in with a cross-cut saw again."

For a description of logging in the early 1900's in the Pacific Northwest, check out this website.  And for a glossary of logging lingo, click here.


These two links have some great photos of the Spruce Division:  one is from the Oregon State University Archives, Gerald W. Williams Collection (28 photos), and the other is from the collection of Bob Swanson (11 photos on Spruce Squadrons, 190 photos of WWI).  Both sites are on Flickr.  

Posted by jackie.

The ‘Sprucers’ in Lincoln County, 1918 - Part 2

Building the Railroad

This is a continuation of the story of the Spruce Production Division in Lincoln County in 1918.  The following oral history excerpts describe the building of the railroad needed to transport the giant Sitka spruce logs.  The first step was to clear the right-of-way.

Interviewer:  “How was the clearing done for the railroad right-of-way?”

Leonard Groth:  “Well, there’d be a cruiser would go ahead, and take out all the underbrush, which was really rough going.”

I:  “Take the roots out, too?  Or just take it down to the ground?”

LG:  “No, no.  Take it down to the ground.  And then it was shovels from there on.  And it really was a job.  Gee, it was a job.”

In another oral history interview with Paul Keady, he describes the soldiers making the right-of-way through Waldport.  

“And the railroad from South Beach down to Camp 1 north of Yachats was built, mostly with hand labor.  Quite a few horses on the job.  But as I recall it, no steam shovels, or equipment of that kind.  The grade of the hill south of Waldport was almost all built with men with wheelbarrows, digging out the side of the hill, and dumping it over the hill.  South of there they had heavy horses, with Fresnos, wheel scrapers, and a four-horse team with a big breaking plow that would plow through that sand of that area, and break it up so the wheel scrapers and Fresnos could move it.  That way they filled all these canyons, cut the hills and built the road through.  Right through Waldport, past where the school now is, and where the highway now is, the railroad was built up with horses and Fresnos out of the barrow pit.  There was a barrow pit all the way through Waldport before they hit hill land on the south side, on each side of the railroad grade...The supplies, when these railroads first started, all came in by water.  Then after the railroad was built into Waldport, of course, all the supplies [for the Spruce Division] came by rail.”

This photo shows a crew removing dirt (mud) from a small slide in the right-of-way.  A temporary track was laid to allow the use of the cart.  This shows some of the conditions these fellows had to deal with in building the railroad.

Back to the interview with Leonard Groth.

I: “And how was the railroad itself built?  Was that built by the same people who cleared the right-of-way?  

LG:  “Yeah, yeah.  Same soldiers.”

I: “So first you came in and cleared, and then you built the railroad onto that...”

LG:  “Yeah.  They’d have their tie crews.  They’d have their rail crews.  And the rail crews in this book, it shows in there how they used them right on the flatbeds of the railroad cars, the rails...they’d just shove it ahead until they got to the place where they wanted to dump it, and then they’d dump the rail off.  Then there’d be--oh, any amount of men you’d want, you know, to pick it up, and put it in place.  Then they, of course, had fellows that drove the spikes, and like that.”

LG:  “The piling was logged with horses, brought out of the woods.  A team of horses.  And of course, there’s quite a bit of rain, and there was mud, and that made your pilings skid along pretty good.  And that’s the way we got the pilings out.”

These two photos are from Lloyd Palmer’s 1982 book, Steam Towards the Sunset.  It is a wonderful account of the railroads of Lincoln County, and contains many photos and a large section on the Spruce Production Division.  He also collected historic excerpts from local newspapers in the book that pertain to this topic.  Mr. Palmer has done, and continues to do, extensive research on the railroads of this area.  [His book is available through the Lincoln County Historical Society Museum Bookstore, and the oral histories are from the LCHS Research Library].  The map is from the LCHS book called, Pacific Spruce Corporation & Subsidiaries, available at the LCHS Museum Bookstore, same link above.

Our previous post, "A Railroad Ran Through It," (click here for link) shows some "then and now" photos and a map of the Spruce Railroad as it went along Beaver Creek. 

Posted by jackie.

The ‘Sprucers’ in Lincoln County, 1918 - Part 1

Photo by John D. Cress, from the book, Pacific Spruce Corporation & Subsidiaries, reprinted from the 1924 edition by the Lincoln County Historical Society, available through their Museum Bookstore (click here for link).

This is a continuation of the previous post about the history of the Spruce Production Division during World War I.  Lincoln County had some of the best quality Sitka spruce available (preferred for airplane construction), so a large effort to harvest it was focused here.  

I find it so impressive that the Spruce Division soldiers arrived in the area in the early months of 1918 and managed to establish their camps, clear trees & brush for the railroad right-of-way, log hemlock and mill it for railroad ties and trestles, build the railroad from just north of Yachats to Agate Beach, AND build a world-class sawmill at Toledo--all in a matter of months.  And this was accomplished without chainsaws, log trucks, and much of the other logging equipment that was developed later.  (The war ended on November 11, 1918, so they were not able to complete the mill in Toledo.  This was done later by a private corporation.  I will tell that story in a later post).  The Warren Spruce Corporation contracted with the army to get the timber out in Lincoln County.  Spruce soldiers received their regular military pay, and were also paid by the Warren Spruce Corporation, who hired both the soldiers and civilian loggers.

The Lincoln County Historical Society Oral History Collection contains several references to the Spruce Division soldiers during that time.  One oral history interview was actually recorded over two occasions (at a LCHS meeting on April 18, 1974 and a follow up interview on August 8, 1974) with a man, Leonard Groth, who was in the 95th Spruce Squadron in Lincoln County in 1918.  (Mr. Groth arrived in July 1918 and stayed until January of 1919.  He was discharged from the military in February 1919 at Vancouver, WA, which was his place of enlistment and his home).  The following excerpt describes his experience of arriving in Lincoln County.   

“Originally, when I first came down, we were brought across from the turntable [railroad terminus at Yaquina City] over to Newport in a ferry, and then they ferried us over to South Beach.”

“We took the train from Corvallis, and come in on the only track there was...”

[Mr. Groth didn’t remember much about the train trip to the coast because], “I had just had my three shots for typhoid before we left...One each day for the last three days.  And I took my last one the night before we left.  And oh, brother!  Was I sick!  Oh!  I had a terrible headache coming down, and the first--when I began feeling a little better was when we got off the train at the [railroad] turntable, and got on the ferry.  And smelled the salt air.”

Photo of Spruce soldiers at Agate Beach, North of Newport, found here.

“We stayed there one night, and walked out to the beach [after we settled in to camp].  As I remember, there was a store over there, that I think we went right past where it is, and [the next day] they took us in a truck, and remember the old trucks with the hard rubber tires?  Well, that’s what we were in, and they drove on a plank road out to the beach, and then they dumped us off, and we hiked down to Seal Rock, as I remember.  I think it must have been right, because I don’t think you can get through beyond that on the beach, unless you come up on top [onto the rocky headland].  Well, there was a road anyway that turned off along in there somewhere, and we went back up on top of the ridge, and we had a camp there, and we started cutting brush for a right-of-way to go across the Alsea Bay, and over to Waldport, and Yachats, and in there.  I guess there was quite a bit of big timber down in that section [the Blodgett Tract at Camp 1].”

Mr. Groth describes the plank road made of fir that went through the sand dunes at South Beach.  He said the planks were placed in the direction of the line of travel (as opposed to corduroy roads, where the planks are laid horizontally), and they were just two boards wide spaced to go under the wheels of a vehicle.  (I’m not sure what they did if they met someone coming the other way!)  And this plank road just went through the dunes and then the beach was used for the road the rest of the way south.  

This photo (from the Florence Hollowell Collection) is of a Spruce Div. Camp on Beaver Creek and may have been the one that Mr. Groth describes coming to over the ridge at Seal Rock.  The exact location of this camp is not known--perhaps it is near Ona, or further south along South Beaver Creek.

Posted by jackie.

What Was The Spruce Production Division?

Photo credit:  "Possibly WWI Fighter Plane, 1916," Prints & Photographs Div., Library of Congress, Reproduction Number LC-D418-407 DLC

[Also click here to check out this fascinating and funny website of photos and info about early aircraft].

The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, three years after the war began in Europe. Airplanes were a relatively new technology at that time, especially untried in the arena of war. U.S. industry had been supplying England and France with some planes during the first part of the war. A number of different aircraft designs were tested. By the time the U.S. got involved in the war, the Allies decided to try using air assaults, since ground offensives had reached a stalemate. The preferred material for airplane structure was Sitka spruce wood for its qualities of strength, light weight, and clear straight grain, “and would not splinter when struck by a rifle bullet” [quote by Lt. Col. Disque, cited in “The Spruce Production Division,” Forest History Today, Spring, 1999. See this site also for detailed history & photos]. The wooden framework was then covered with a canvas-like membrane.

Weeks after the nation joined the war, an act of Congress allocated $11 million for stepping up aircraft production. Lt. Col. Brice P. Disque was appointed by the government to secret duty to assess the situation in the Pacific Northwest, where most of the prime Sitka spruce forests were located. A powder keg of labor unrest was getting ready to blow at that time in the logging and lumber milling industries. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, aka the “Wobblies”) were agitating the situation and workers were getting ready to strike for shorter work days and higher wages.

On November 6, 1917, Disque was promoted to Colonel and was given command of the Spruce Production Division (as part of the U.S. Army Signal Corps). Headquarters were stationed in the Yeon Building in downtown Portland, Oregon. The main operations center for troop movement & training was Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington. Vancouver was also the site of the main sawmill called the Cut-Up Plant, which was also constructed and run by “spruce soldiers” [see this link for extensive history of the Vancouver Barracks & photo of the Cut-Up Plant on page 7 of 173 pp.].

Initial recruitment of soldiers with logging and woods experience to the Spruce Division were viewed by local lumbermen as “scabs,” or strike breakers, which did not relieve the tensions of the labor situation. Disque developed a brilliant strategy to overcome these problems by appealing to workers’ patriotic loyalty to country and understanding of the extreme efforts required of citizens during wartime. The plan gave the Army oversight of the spruce production, while soldiers were hired out to and paid through civilian logging operations. Despite initial resistence, all parties soon recognized that the scheme was of mutual benefit to private lumber owners and laborers, as well as to the government. This led to the founding of the Loyal Legion of Loggers & Lumbermen (the 4-L’s), a civilian organization whose members had to sign a patriotic pledge in exchange for a membership card and badge. The LLLL loggers worked along side the Spruce Division soldiers.

Photo found here.

There were five military field districts of the Spruce Production Division. In addition to the Headquarters in Portland, and the Vancouver Barracks, the districts were located in Puget Sound, WA; Grays Harbor & Wallapa Bay, WA; Clatsop & Coos Counties, OR; and Lincoln County, OR. Over 26,000 soldiers and about 1,000 officers established 234 camps in these sections of the Washington and Oregon coasts.

The war ended on November 11, 1918.

Posted by jackie.

The Power Of Information

A couple of weeks ago using solar electricity in the home was mentioned here.  This activity involves evaluating energy (watts) use and then installing an appropriately-sized solar electrical system that includes photovoltaic panels, inverter, and energy meters to monitor energy production and use.  How is electrical energy evaluated in a home?  For home residents, information on energy use usually involves reading the monthly power bill that arrives in the mail, supported by numbers from the kilowatt meter on the side of the house.  This power company bill does not tell much about patterns of energy use in the home and with it, decisions about how to improve energy use are difficult to make.  

But why wait to install an expensive solar electric system, when energy could be monitored and adjusted in cheaper ways.  Many types of home energy meters are becoming available and are appearing on the market horizon.  The information from energy meters can change behavior, often in surprising ways.  Information from these meters can help home residents to evaluate their energy uses and plan improvements and expenses accordingly.  Energy budgeting is a powerful experience that helps residents change energy use if so desired.  Studies have shown a 5 to 15 percent reduction in power consumption when energy use data is available to the consumer.  It is like calculating the miles per gallon of gas used in a car and making purchasing and driving decisions based on that information.

Information on power production and use can help communities plan for future power needs using smart grid technology.  Coordination of use in and among households can reduce power use during peak periods and shift power use to times when surplus power is available.  Audits of energy use can be made to suggest appropriate weatherization and insulation for homes.  Since solar electrical systems are relatively expensive, other less expensive energy technologies may be installed first.  Solar hot water systems are efficient and relatively inexpensive.  Energy efficient appliances are becoming more available.  There are lots of energy options available for the home when information on energy use is gathered and budgets are constructed.  Behavior can be changed when knowledge comes from experience.

Posted by michael   

Lost And Found In Reflections

Walking slowly, turning in the weather, I get lost along the road and then find space in reflections.  There are abundant reflections here in the marsh.  They offer the seasons of the day and speak of the rain and sun.  Who needs paint when reflections are complete, with gentle breeze, vegetation, and sky all mixed by expert water.  They all whisper, relax... the work is done.

Posted by michael

 

Flower Clocks In The Marsh

Time is the indefinite continuation of existence, marked by a convention.  There is no special, unique, and singular convention that marks time and existence is free to find new ones as needed.  We humans measure time with precise atomic clocks and radio signals that transfer to shiny watches that crows sometimes covet for their nests.  This measured time is orderly and divided into equal parts that mark the passing of our lives through space.  We can be early, late, in, on, or out of time.  We have somehow relegated our existence to fixed, arbitrary intervals of language.  Nature takes another road, one with soft clocks that turn with constantly adjusting intervals, embracing the play of earth, air, fire, water, and space.  

In the marsh, time is often measured and marked with the arrival and departure of insect hatches, birds migrating, and flowers.  These events can happen in many intermeshed cycles dependent on astronomical movements; now, tidal, daily, lunar, seasonal, annual, sunspot cycles, and El Niño.  In Spring, as the temperature warms and daylight lengthens in duration and intensity, plants grow and reach maturity.  This maturity is marked by the appearance of flowers and later seeds.  Each type of flower signals like the hand on a clock.  The progression of the seasons is traced by the rainbow of colors, shapes, forms, smells, and desires of flowers, insects, and birds.  These elements and lives are woven together in a web of dependence, a dance of eat and be eaten.

   

There are so many details of flowering that science can unfold and we will leave that for now.  Suffice it to say that a complicated and detailed picture emerges and these complications (factors) provide plenty of freedom to adjust to changing environmental conditions and habitats as they arise.  It is enough to recognize that days follow each other into seasons which can be marked by the passing of flower clock time.  Every year is similar with minor variations, mostly to do with temperature and rainfall.  Each walk along the marsh reveals new flowers and their celebration of completion.  We can read the time in wildness if we choose to.  In this place, duck, red-winged blackbird, kingfisher, swallow, robin, blue jay, flicker, woodpecker, hummingbird, goldfinch, hermit thrush, towhee, sparrow, chickadee, and ruby-crowned kinglet are busy with nests and feeding on the abundant plants, insects, and worms that have emerged from winter’s sleep.  Frogs have woken and sing through the night.  They all seem to know flower clock time and get along without atomic clock radio time.   

Posted by michael